應當如何(he)選用起重機制動器?

　　在日常的特種設備檢測檢驗工作中，經常接觸到起重機制動器，制(zhi)動(dong)裝置的配(pei)置是否符合實際關系到設(she)備的使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)和使(shi)用(yong)安全。起重機(ji)常用(yong)的標準(zhun)系列制(zhi)動(dong)裝置有電(dian)(dian)力液壓(ya)塊式(shi)制(zhi)動(dong)器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)塊式(shi)制(zhi)動(dong)器(qi)(qi)、盤式(shi)制(zhi)動(dong)器(qi)(qi)、帶式(shi)制(zhi)動(dong)器(qi)(qi)等，其選用(yong)一般要考慮類型、規格，并(bing)進行(xing)校核驗算，同時要考慮使(shi)用(yong)環(huan)境(jing)等相(xiang)關因素。

　　為了(le)緩解制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)的(de)磨(mo)損，減(jian)輕因(yin)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過猛(meng)產生的(de)沖擊(ji)和(he)振動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，推薦支(zhi)(zhi)持制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)并用(yong)。控(kong)制(zhi)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)一般為電力制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，如(ru)再生制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、反接制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、能(neng)(neng)耗制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)渦流制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)等(deng)。電力制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)僅用(yong)于(yu)(yu)消(xiao)耗動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)，使機構(gou)安(an)(an)全(quan)減(jian)速(su)。在與電力制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)并用(yong)時，支(zhi)(zhi)持制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)的(de)***低安(an)(an)全(quan)系數應(ying)單獨滿足原有(you)的(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)。也可以采用(yong)二次(ci)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)減(jian)少(shao)磨(mo)損和(he)沖擊(ji)，***次(ci)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)消(xiao)耗動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)，使機械安(an)(an)全(quan)減(jian)速(su)并停止，第(di)二次(ci)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)確保(bao)支(zhi)(zhi)持制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)，如(ru)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)防(fang)風制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。國家標準(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)(ding):對(dui)于(yu)(yu)吊(diao)鉤(gou)起重機，當起升機構(gou)工作級別等(deng)于(yu)(yu)或高于(yu)(yu)M4且額定(ding)(ding)起升速(su)度等(deng)于(yu)(yu)或高于(yu)(yu)5m/min時，應(ying)采用(yong)電氣制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)法，保(bao)證在0.2-1.0倍額定(ding)(ding)起重量范圍內的(de)載荷下降(jiang)時，制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)前的(de)電機轉速(su)降(jiang)至同步轉速(su)的(de)1.3以下。常規(gui)標準(zhun)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)的(de)工作環(huan)境中不得(de)有(you)易燃(ran)、易爆、及腐蝕(shi)性氣體，如(ru)環(huan)境狀況超(chao)出有(you)關規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，應(ying)選用(yong)防(fang)爆型制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)。

　　制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器規格確(que)定(ding)之后，為了保證制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器既能有(you)效地(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)或(huo)支持(chi)載荷，又(you)避免(mian)(mian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)距(ju)(ju)離過(guo)(guo)長或(huo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)(guo)猛造成沖(chong)擊，應(ying)校核(he)被制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機構(gou)的平均減速(su)(su)度、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時間(jian)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)距(ju)(ju)離。不同設備應(ying)用(yong)于不同工況，有(you)關標(biao)準對(dui)相應(ying)機構(gou)的平均減速(su)(su)度、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時間(jian)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)距(ju)(ju)離均作了明確(que)的規定(ding)。對(dui)于垂直式(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器和(he)在高溫環境(jing)中頻繁使用(yong)的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器應(ying)進行發熱(re)(re)驗算，檢(jian)驗制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器在***高許用(yong)溫度下散發的熱(re)(re)量(liang)是否大(da)于制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中產(chan)生的熱(re)(re)量(liang)，以避免(mian)(mian)摩擦面過(guo)(guo)熱(re)(re)損壞或(huo)失效。

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